Not quite, but there is certainly a relationship between them. I guess the best way to think about it is how the setting affects the way that combat proceeds in terms of strategy, techniques, and tools.
So if you have a story like Negima or Magi set in a world where both martial arts and magic are heavily emphasized, then building your combat system ultimately becomes a game of making these two elements play off of one another and establishing their respective strengths and weaknesses.
If you have a series like Battle Angel Alita where a large portion of the population have robotic bodies but martial arts has stayed relevant, then it becomes a question about the ways in which technology has pushed the limits of the physical combat and impacted the existing martial arts styles and landscape, and how to best illustrate this in combat.
So you figure out the standard skill sets that might be possible in your world. Then you expand on the potential range of differences between fighters based on what you've established. This is more descriptive than I usually think of it, but that's how I would say I go about it.
Though I have just now unfortunately realized that this is a topic for novels, not stories in general, so that does make a difference... -.-'